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西南大学外国语学院
英语专业本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范
I.Introduction
AcademicwritingmayuseAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(APA)Style,ModernLanguageAssociation(MLA)Style,theChicagoStyle,andsoon.ButAPAandMLAaretwocommonlyusedones.Bothcanbefoundin“stylemanuals”bearingtheirnames,forexample,APA’sPublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(2001)andMLA’sMLAHandbookforWritersofResearchPapers(1999).
Thechoiceastowhichstyleisappropriateforagivenpapermaybedeterminedbythreefactors:
therequirementsoftheparticularcourse,thestandardforthedisciplineinwhichyouarestudying,oryourindividualpreference.Asafewayistoconsiderwhichstylewillbemostappropriateforyourareaofspecialization.Ifyouarepursuingamajorinthehumanities,considerlearningtheMLAstyle.Ifbehavioralorsocialsciencesarelikelytobeyourinterest,thentheAPAstylemaybemostappropriate.Generally,humanitiesdisciplinesmayincludeliterary,philosophical,cultural,historical,translationstudies,andthelike.Socialsciencesmayincludeappliedlinguistics,psycholinguistics,foreignlanguageteaching,secondlanguageacquisitionstudies,andthelike,whicharemostlyempiricalstudiesinvolvingstatisticanalyses.
II.APAforAcademicWriting:
Essentials
1.Textcitations
Sourcematerialmustbedocumentedinthebodyofthepaperbycitingtheauthor(s)anddate(s)ofthesources.Thereadercanobtainthefullsourcecitationfromthelistofreferencesthatfollowsthebodyofthepaper.
A.Whenthenamesoftheauthorsofasourcearepartoftheformalstructureofthesentence,theyearofpublicationappearsinparenthesesfollowingtheidentificationoftheauthors.Theword“and”isusedbeforethelastauthorwhenmultipleauthorsareidentifiedaspartoftheformalstructureofthesentence.Commasareonlyusedtoseparatethenamesofthreeormore(butnottwo)authorsforasource,forexample,
WirthandMitchell(1994)foundthat....
B.Whentheauthorsofasourcearenotpartoftheformalstructureofthesentence,boththeauthorsandyearsofpublicationappearinparentheses.Theampersand&isusedbeforethelastauthorwhenmultipleauthorsforasourceareidentifiedandcommasareonlyusedtoseparatethenamesofthreeormore(butnottwo)authorsforasource.Andwhenmorethantwosourcesarecitedparenthetically,theyareorderedalphabeticallybyfirstauthors'surnamesandseparatedandjoinedbysemicolonsintheparentheses,forexample,
Reviewsofresearchonreligionandhealthhaveconcludedthatatleastsometypesofreligiousbehaviorsarerelatedtohigherlevelsofphysicalandmentalhealth(Gartner,Larson,&Allen,1991;Koenig,1990;Levin&Vanderpool,1991;Maton&Pargament,1987;Paloma&Pendleton,1991;Payne,Bergin,Bielema,&Jenkins,1991).
C.Ifpublicationsbytwoormoreprimaryauthorswiththesamesurnamearecited,includethefirstauthors’initialsinalltextcitations,evenifthepublicationdatesdiffer,forexample,
R.D.Luce(1959)andP.A.Luce(1986)alsofound…..
J.M.GoldbergandNeff(1961)andM.E.GoldbergandWurtz(1972)studied……
D.Identifyworksbythesameauthor(orbythesametwoormoreauthorsinthesameorder)withthesamepublicationdatebythesuffixesa,b,c,andsoforthaftertheyear;repeattheyear;separatetheyear-plus-suffixeswithcommas,forexample,
Severalstudies(Johnson,1991a,1991b,1991c;Singh,1983,inpress-a,inpress-b)indicatedthat....
E.Amajorcitationisseparatedfromothercitationswithinparenthesesbythephrase“seealso”usedafterasemicolonandbeforethefirstoftheremainingcitations,whicharearrangedinalphabeticalorder,forexample,
(Minor,2001;seealsoAdams,1999;Storandt,1997)
F.Everyeffortshouldbemadetociteonlysourcesthatyouhaveactuallyread.Whenitisnecessarytociteasourcethatyouhavenotread(“Grayson”inthefollowingexample)butiscitedinasourcethatyouhaveread(“Murzynski&Degelman”inthefollowingexample),usethefollowingformatforthetextcitationandlistonlythesourceyouhavereadintheReferenceslist,forexample,
Grayson(ascitedinMurzynski&Degelman,1996)suggested…
G.Whenasourcehastwoauthors,bothauthorsareincludedeverytimethesourceiscited.
H.Whenasourcehasthree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethesourceiscited;insubsequentcitations,includeonlythefirstauthor'ssurnameand“etal.”andtheyearifitisthefirstcitationofthereferencewithinaparagraph,forexample,
Payne,Bergin,Bielema,andJenkins(1991)showedthat…[Useasfirstcitationintext.]
Payneetal.(1991)showedthat...[Useassubsequentfirstcitationperparagraphthereafter.]
Payneetal.showedthat…[Omityearfromsubsequentcitationsafterfirstcitationwithinaparagraph.]
I.Whenasourcehassixormoreauthors,citeonlythefirstauthor'ssurnamefollowedby“etal.”andtheyearforthefirstandsubsequentcitations.
J.Iftworeferenceswiththesameyearshortentothesameform,citethesurnamesofthefirstauthorsandofasmanyofthesubsequentauthorsasnecessarytodistinguishthetworeferences,followedbyacommaand“etal.”,forexample,
Bradley,Ramirez,andSoo(1994)andBradley,Soo,etal.(1994)
Kosslyn,Koenig,Barrett,etal.(1996)andKosslyn,Koenig,Gabrieli,etal.(1996)
K.IftheEnglishtranslationofanon-Englishworkisusedasthesource,citetheoriginalpublicationdateandthedateofthetranslation,forexample,
Laplace(1814/1951)…
L.Tociteapersonalcommunication(includingletters,emails,andtelephoneinterviews),includeinitials,surname,andasexactadateaspossible.Asapersonalcommunicationisnot“recoverable”information,itisnotincludedintheReferencessection,forexample,
B.F.Skinner(personalcommunication,February12,1978)claimed....
2.Quotations
Whenadirectquotationisused,alwaysincludetheauthor,year,andpagenumberaspartofthecitation.
A.Aquotationoffewerthan40wordsshouldbeenclosedindoublequotationmarksandshouldbeincorporatedintotheformalstructureofthesentence,forexample,
Patientsreceivingprayerhad“lesscongestiveheartfailure,requiredlessdiureticandantibiotictherapy,hadfewerepisodesofpneumonia,hadfewercardiacarrests,andwerelessfrequentlyintubatedandventilated”(Byrd,1988,p.829).
B.Alengthierquotationof40ormorewordsshouldappear(withoutquotationmarks)apartfromthesurroundingtext,indouble-spacedblockformat,witheachlineindentedfivespacesfromtheleftmarginbutwithouttheusualopeningparagraphindent.Butwithmorethanoneparagraph,indentthefirstlineofsecondandadditionalparagraphsfivetosevenspacesfromthenewmargin.
C.Enclosedirectquotationswithinablockquotationindoublequotationmarks.Foraquotationinrunningtextthatisalreadyenclosedindoublequotationmarks,usesinglequotationmarkstoenclosequotedmaterial.
D.Typethreeperiodswithaspacebeforeandaftereachperiodtoindicateanomissionwithinasentence.Typefourperiodstoindicateanomissionbetweentwosentences(aperiodforthesentencefollowedbythreespacedperiods).
E.Whenaperiodorcommaoccurswithclosingquotationmarks,placetheperiodorcommabeforeratherthanafterthequotationmarks.Putotherpunctuationmarks(e.g.,colon,semicolon)outsidequotationmarksunlesstheyarepartofthequotedmaterial.
3.References
AllsourcesincludedintheReferencessectionmustbecitedinthebodyofthepaper(andallsourcescitedinthepapermustbeincludedintheReferencessection).
A.Pagination:
TheReferencessectionbeginsonanewpage.
B.Heading:
References(centeredonthefirstlinebelowthemanuscriptpageheader).
C.Format:
Thereferences(withhangingindent)beginonthelinefollowingtheReferencesheading.Entriesareorganizedalphabeticallybysurnamesoffirstauthors.
D.Authors:
Authorsarelistedinthesameorderasspecifiedinthesource,usingsurnamesandinitials.Commasseparateallauthors.Whentherearetwotosixauthors,usetheampersand&afteracommaandbeforethelastauthor.Whentherearesevenormoreauthors,listthefirstsixandthenuse“etal.”forremainingauthors.Ifnoauthorisidentified,thetitleofthedocumentbeginsthereference.
Wolchik,S.A.,West,S.G.,Sandler,I.N.,Tein,J.,Coatsworth,D.,Lengua,L.,etal.(2000).Anexperimentalevaluation....
One-authorentriesprecedemultiple-authorentriesbeginningwiththesamesurname,forexample,
Alleyne,R.L.(2001).……
Alleyne,R.L.,&Evans,A.J.(1999).……
Referenceswithexactlythesameauthor(orauthorsinthesameorder)arearrangedbyyearofpublication,theearliestfirst,forexample,
Hewlett,L.S.(1996).……
Lewlett,L.S.(1999).……
Cabading,J.R.,&Wright,K.(2000).……
Cabading,J.R.,&Wright,K.(2001).……
Referencesbythesameauthor(orbythesametwoormoreauthorsinthesameorder)withthesamepublicationdatearearrangedalphabeticallybythetitle(excludingA,AnorThe)thatfollowsthedate.However,ifthereferenceswiththesameauthorspublishedinthesameyearareidentifiedasarticlesinaseries(e.g.,Part1andPart2),orderthereferencesintheseriesorder,notalphabeticallybytitle.Lowercaseletters–a,b,c,andsoon–areplacedimmediatelyaftertheyear,withintheparentheses,forexample,
Baheti,J.R.(2001a).Control....
Baheti,J.R.(2001b).Rolesof....
E.Publicationdate:
Publicationdateisputinparenthesesfollowingauthors,withaperiodfollowingtheclosingparenthesis.Ifnopublicationdate
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