四级模拟题2.docx
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四级模拟题2.docx
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四级模拟题2
大学英语四级考试模拟试卷二
PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledOnChineseWorkers-PaidHolidays.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:
1.有人认为“带薪休假”有很多好处……
2.有人认为“带薪休假”落到实处很难
3.你的观点及建议
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Doescontagiousyawningmeanyou'renice?
You'reinaconversationwithanotherpersonandhecasuallyyawns,Asyouwonderwhetherhe'sboredwiththediscussion,youfindthatyou'reyawning,too.Amanwalkingby,seesyouyawn,andprettysoonheyawns.It'scarriedonandon,passingfromonepersontoanotherinadominoeffect.Scienceisstillinvestigatingexactlywhatmakesusyawn,butifsawell-knownandlittle-studiedfact:
Yawningiscontagious.
Weknowthatmuchofyawningisduetosuggestibility--it'sinfectious.Youdon'tneedtoactuallyseeapersonyawntoinvoluntarilyyawnyourself;hearingsomeoneyawnorevenreadingaboutyawningcancausethesamereaction.Chancesareyou'llyawnatleastoncewhilereadingthisarticle.
Butcontagiousyawninggoesbeyondmeresuggestibility.Recentstudiesshowthatthephenomenonisalsorelatedtoourpredispositiontowardempathy--theabilitytounderstandandconnectwithothers'emotionalstates.Itsoundsstrange,butwhetherornotyou'resusceptibletocontagiousyawningmayactuallyberelatedtohowmuchempathyyoufeelforothers.
Empathyisanimportantpartofcognitivedevelopment.Welearnfromanearlyagetovalueourselvesbasedontheamountandtypeofempathyourparentsdisplay,anddevelopmentalpsychologistshavefoundthatpeoplewhoweren'tshownempathybytheirparentsstrugglelateroninlife.Alackofearlyempathyhasbeenshowntoleadtothedevelopmentofsociopathicbehaviorinadults.
Soempathyisimportantsure,buthowcoulditpossiblyberelatedtocontagiousyawning?
LeaveituptopsychologistsatLeedsUniversityinEnglandtoanswerthat.Intheirstudy,researchersselected40psychologystudentsand40engineeringstudents.Eachstudentwasmadetowaitindividuallyinawaitingroom,alongwithanundercoverassistantwhoyawned10timesinasmanyminutes.Thestudentswerethenadministered-inemotionalquotienttest:
Studentswereshown40imagesofeyesandaskedwhatemotioneachonedisplayed.
Theresultsofthetestsupporttheideathatcontagiousyawningislinkedtoempathy.Thepsychologystudents–whosefutureprofessionrequiresthemtofocusonothers--yawnedcontagiouslyanaverageof5.5timesinthewaitingroomandscored28outof40ontheemotionaltest.Theengineeringstudents--whotendtofocusonthingslikenumbersandsystemsyawnedanaverageof1.5timesandscored25.5outof40onthefollowingtest.Thedifferencedoesn'tsoundlikemuch,butresearchersconsideritsignificant.Strangely,women,whoaregenerallyconsideredmoreemotionallyattuned,didn'tscoreanyhigherthanmen.
Thesefindingssupportwhatneurologistsfoundthroughbrainimaging:
Contagiousyawningisassociatedwiththesamepartsofthebrainthatdealwithempathy.Theseregions,theprecuneusandposteriortemporalgyrus,arelocatedinthebackofthebrain.Andalthoughthelinkbetweencontagiousyawningandempathyhasbeenestablished,explanationsforthelinkarestillbeinginvestigated.
Researchersarelookingintotheworldofdevelopmentdisordersandathigherprimatesforanswerstothisriddle.
PrimateYawing,AutismandContagiousYawning
Yawningmayserveanumberoffunctions,andthesefunctionsmightbedifferentfordifferentanimals.Humansaren'ttheonlyanimalsthatyawn--evenfishdo.Butonlyhumansandchimpanzees,ourclosestrelativeintheanimalkingdom,haveshowndefinitecontagiousyawning.
Onestudy,conductedinKyoto,Japan,observedsixchimpsincaptivity.Chimpswereshownvideosofotherchimpsyawning,alongwithchimpsthatopenedtheirmouthsbutdidnotyawn.Ofthesix,twochimpsyawnedcontagiouslyanumberoftimes.Evenmoreinteresting,liketheirhumancounterpartsunderage5,thethreechimpinfantsshowednosusceptibilitytocontagiousyawning.
Thismayberelatedtothefactthatempathyistaughtandlearned.Ifcontagiousyawningistheresultofempathy,thencontagiousyawningwouldn'texistuntiltheabilitytoempathizewaslearned.Butwhatifempathyisneverdeveloped?
Anotherstudy,leadbycognitiveresearcherAtsushiSenju,soughttoanswerthatquestion.
Peoplewithautismspectrumdisorderareconsideredtobedevelopmentallyimpairedemotionally.Autisticshavetroubleconnectingwithothersandfinditdifficulttofeelempathy.Sinceautisticshavedifficultyfeelingempathy,thentheyshouldn'tbesusceptibletocontagiousyawning.
Tofindout,Senjuandhiscolleaguesplaced48kidsaged7to15inaroomwithatelevision.Twenty-fourofthetestsubjectshadbeendiagnosedwithautismspectrumdisorder,theotherhalfwerenon-autistickids.LiketheKyotochimpstudy,thetestsubjectswereshownshortclipsofpeopleyawningaswellasclipsofpeopleopeningtheirmouthsbutnotyawning.Whilethekidswithautismhadthesamelackofreactiontobothkindsofclips,thenon-autistickidsyawnedmoreaftertheclipsofpeopleyawning.
ButtherecouldbeanotherinterpretationmSenju'sfindings.Autisticstendtofocusonthemouthsofpeoplewithwhomtheyinteract.Butcontagiousyawningisthoughttobecued--notbymovementsinthemoutharea--butbychangestotheareaaroundtheyawningperson'seyes.Thiscouldexplainwhyautisticsarelesssusceptibletocontagiousyawning--perhapsthey'rejustmissingthecues.
However,thatnotionisunderminedbyanotherstudy.ConductedbyresearchersatYaleUniversity,thisstudyexaminedthereactionsofautisticadultswhiletheywatchedemotionallychargedscenesfromthemovie,"Who'sAfraidofVirginiaWoolf"Researchersfoundthatthoseautisticswhowatchedtheeyesofthecharactersdidn'tregisteranymoreemotionalreactionthanthosewhofocusedonthemouth.Thisindicatesthatcontagiousyawningamountstomorethanjustcues:
theautisticswhowatchedtheevesreceivedlittleinformationfromthecuestheyfoundthere.
It'sbecomeprettyclearthatcontagiousyawningislinkedtoempathy.Butwhy?
Perhapsthebestexplanationforwhyweyawn,aswellaswhyyawningiscontagious,canbefoundaroundthewateringholeonthesavannahtensofthousandsofyearsago.
Somescientistsbelievethatyawningisaninvoluntaryresponsetoastressfulsituation:
Whenweyawn,weincreasethebloodflow'tothebrain,thusmakingusmorealert.Contagiousyawningmaybeamethodofquietcommunicationbywhichourancestorsspreadthewordthatahungrylionwasnearby.Fearisanemotionwithwhichwecanempathize,andyawningmayserveasacuebywhichwespreadthatfear.
1.Whetherornotyou'reeasilyinfluencedbycontagiousyawningmaybelinkedto______
Athepersonalityofthepersonyouaretalkingto
Bhowmuchempathyyoufeelforothers
Cyourreactionwhenyouseesomeoneyawning
Dtheabilitytoavoidother'sinfluence
2.Earlyempathyisimportantforusinthat______.
Aparentsfirstshowtheirempathytous
Bitisrelatedtocontagiousyawning
Cit'sanimportantpartofcognitivedevelopment
Ditaffectsourlaterlifealot
3.TheresultsoftheLeedsUniversity'stestshowthat_______.
Athelessamanfocusesonothers,thehigherhescores
Bmendidn'tscoreanyhigherthanwomen
Ccontagiousyawningandempathyarerelatedtothesamepartsofthebrain
Ditexplainedthelinkbetweencontagiousyawningandempathy
4.Contagiousyawningwouldn'texistunless______.
AtheabilityofyawningistaughtCempathyisneverdeveloped
BtheabilitytoempathizeislearnedDyawningiscontrolledwell5.Whyautisticsarelesssusceptibletocontagiousyawning?
AAutisticshavedifficultyfeelingempathy.
BAutisticscan'tcommunicatewithothers.
CAutisticsarenotabletolearnyawning.
DAutisticsfocusmuchonpeople'seyes.
6.AnotherinterpretationtoSenju'sfindingsisthatcontagiousyawningisthoughttobecuedby___.
Amovementsintheyawningperson'smouthareaCchangesonemotionreaction
Byawningperson'sappearanceDchangesaroundtheyawningperson'seyes
7.AccordingtotheYaleUniversity'sstudy,whyautisticsaren'tsusceptibletocontagiousyawning?
ATheydidn'tregister'anyemotionalreaction.
BTheydidn'tunderstandthemovie.
CTheyreceivedlittleinformationfromthecuesaroundpeople'seyes.
DTheydidn'tunderstandwhatpeoplesayjustbyseeingmovementofmouths.
8.Thereasonwhycontagiousyawningislinkedtoempathywas_______________
9.Somescientistsbelievethatyawningisjusttomakeus__________________
10.Yawningmaybeconsideredasacuebywhichpeoplespreadanemotion,andwiththeemotion___________________________.
PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
11.A)Heexpectstohearfromhisbrother.B)Heexpectsagiftfromhisbrother.
C)Thewomaniswrongaboutwhentheman’sbirthdayis.D)Hisbrotherisgoingtovisithim.
12.A)Theydon’tenjoyswimming.B)Theywon’tgoswimminginthelaketoday.
C)Theydon’tknowhowtoswim.D)They’llswiminthelaketomorrow.
13.A)Thestyleofsweatershe’swearingisverycommon.
B)ThemansawJillwearingthesweater.
C)Sheworethesweaterforthefirsttimeyesterday.
D)Sheusuallydoesn’tborrowclothesfromJill.
14.A)She’splanningatriptoAntarctica.
B)Shethinksattendingthelecturewillbehelpfultoher.
C)Hergeographyclassisrequiredtoattendthelecture.
D)Shehasalreadyfinishedwritingherreport.
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