山东大学英语考试真题卷3.docx
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山东大学英语考试真题卷3.docx
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山东大学英语考试真题卷3
2022山东大学英语考试真题卷(3)
本卷共分为1大题50小题,作答时间为180分钟,总分100分,60分及格。
一、单项选择题(共50题,每题2分。
每题的备选项中,只有一个最符合题意)
1.Concernwithmoney,andthenmoremoney,inordertobuytheconveniencesandluxuriesofmodernlife,hasbroughtgreatchangestothelivesofmostFrenchmen.MorepeopleareworkingthaneverbeforeinFrance.Inthecitiesthetraditionalleisurelymiddaymealisdisappearing.Offices,shops,andfactoriesarediscoveringmegreatefficiencyofashortlunchhourincompanylunchrooms.Inalmostalllinesofworkemphasisnowfallsonever-increasingoutput.Thusthe"typical"Frenchmanproducesmore,earnsmore,andbuysmoregoodsthanhiscounterpartofthelastgeneration.Hegainsincreatingcomfortsandeaseoflife.Whathelosestosomeextentishissenseofpersona,uniqueness,orindividuality.SomesaythatFrancehasbeenAmericanized.ThisisbecausetheU.S.isaworldsymbolofthetechnologicalsocietyanditsconsumerproducts.Theso-calledAmericanizationofFrancehasitscritics.Theyfearthat"assembly-linelife"willleadtothedisappearanceofthepleasuresofthemoregracefulandleisurely(butlessproductive)oldFrenchstyle.Whatwillhappen,theyask,totaste,elegance,andthecultivationofthegoodthingsinlife—joyinthesmellofafreshlypickedapple,astrollbytheriver,orjusthappyhoursofconversationinalocalcaf6Sincethelate1950slifeinFrancehasindeedtakenonqualitiesofrush,tension,andthepursuitofmaterialgain.Someofthestrongestcriticsofthenewwayoflifearetheyoung,especiallyuniversitystudents.Theyareconcernedwiththefuture,andtheyfearthatFranceisthreatenedbythetriumphofthiscompetitive,goods-orientedculture.Occasionally,theyhavereactedagainstthetrendwithconsiderableviolence.Inspiteofcritics,however,countlessFrenchmenarecommittedtokeepingFranceintheforefrontofthemoderneconomicworld.Theyfindthatthepresentlifebringsmorerewards,conveniences,andpleasuresthanthatofthepast.Theybelievethatamodern,industrialFranceispreferabletotheold.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.
A.inpursuingmaterialgainstheFrencharesufferinglosseselsewhere
B.theFrenchenjoyshortlunchhours
C.theFrencharefedupwiththesmelloffreshlypickedapples
D.greatchangeshaveoccurredinthelifestyleofallFrenchmen
2.PortCityTheportcityprovidesafascinatingandrichunderstandingofthemovementofpeopleandgoodsaroundtheworld.Weunderstandaportasacentreofland-seaexchange,andasamajorsourceoflivelihoodandamajorforceforculturalmixing.ButdoportsallproducearangeofcommonurbancharacteristicswhichjustifyclassifyingportcitiestogetherunderasinglegrouplabelDotheyhaveenoughincommontoguaranteedistinguishingthemfromotherkindsofcitiesPortsandharborsAportmustbedistinguishedfromaharbor.Therearetwoverydifferentthings.Mostportshavepoorharbors,manyfineharborsseefewships.Harborisaphysicalconcept,ashelterforships;portisaneconomicconcept,acenterofland-seaexchangewhichrequiresgoodaccesstoahinterlandevenmorethanasea-linkedforeland.Itislandwardaccess,whichisproductiveofgoodsforexportandwhichdemandsimports,thatiscritical.Poorharborscanbeimprovedwithbreakwatersanddredgingifthereisademandforaport.MadrasandColomboareexamplesofharborsexpensivelyimprovedbyenlarging,dredging(清淤)andbuildingbreakwaters.Onceaportcity,alwaysaportcityPortcitesbecomeindustrial,financialandservicecentersandpoliticalcapitalsbecauseoftheirwaterconnectionsandtheurbanconcentrationwhicharisesthereandlaterdrawstoitrailways,highwaysandairroutes.Watertransportmeanscheapaccess,thechiefbasisofallportcities.Manyoftheworlds’’biggestcities,forexample,London,NewYork,Shanghai,Istanbul,BuenoisAirs,Tokyo,Jakarta,Calcutta,PhiladelphiaandSanFracisscobeganasports—thatis,whichland-seaexchangeastheirmajorfunction—buttheyhavesincegrownproportioninotherrespectssothattheirportfunctionsarenolongerdominant.Theyremaindifferentkindsofplacesfromnon-portcitiesandtheirportfunctionsaccountforthatdifference.AtrulyinternationalenvironmentPortfunctions,morethananythingelse,makeacitycosmopolitan.Aportcityisopentotheworld.Initraces,cultures,andideasaswellasgoodsfromavarietyofplaces,jostle,mixandenricheachotherandthelifeofthecity.Thesmelloftheseaandtheharbor,thesoundofboatwhistlesorthemovingtidesaresymbolsoftheirmultiplelinkswithawideworld,samplesofwhicharepresentinmicrocosm(缩影)withintheirownurbanareas.ReasonsforthedeclineofportsSeaportshavebeentransformedbytheappearanceofpoweredvessels,whosesizeanddraughthaveincreased.Manyformerlyimportantportshavebecomeeconomicallyandphysicallylessaccessibleasaresult.By-passedbymostoftheirformerenrichingflowingofexchange,theyhavebecomeculturalandeconomicbackwatersorhaveacquiredthecharacterofmuseumsofthepast.ExamplesoftheseareCharleston,Salem,Bristol,Plymouth,Surat,Galle,Melaka,Suzhou,andalonglistofearlierprominentportcitiesinSoutheastAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica.RelativesignificanceoftradeandserviceindustryMostportshavefewpoorharbors,manyfineharborsseemanyships.Harborisnotaphysicalconceptbutalsoaneconomicconcept,acenterofconnectionsofdifferentpolitics,commerceandotherdifferentstyles.CalcuttatradedmainlywithotherpartsofIndiaandsoon.Mostofanycity’’spopulationisengagedinprovidinggoodsandservicesforthecityitself.Tradeoutsidethecityisitsbasicfunction.Buteachbasicworkerrequiresfood,housing,clothingandothersuchservices.Estimatesoftheratioofbasictoserviceworkersrangefrom1:
4to1:
8.TheirownwaytodevelopandexistNocitycanbesimplyaportbutmustbeinvolvedinavarietyofotheractivities.Theportfunctionofthecitydrawstoitrawmaterialsanddistributestheminmanyotherforms.Portstakeadvantageoftheneedforbreakingupthebulkmaterialwherewaterandlandtransportmeetandwhereloadingandunloadingcostscanbeminimizedbyrefiningrawmaterialsorturningthemintofinishedgoods.Themajorexampleshereareoilrefiningandorerefining,whicharecommonlylocatedatports.Itisnoteasytodrawalinearoundwhatisandisnotaportfunction.Allportshandle,unload,sort,alter,process,repack,andreshipmostofwhattheyreceive.Acitymaystillberegardedasaportcitywhenitbecomesinvolvedinagreatrangeoffunctionsnotimmediatelyinvolvedwithshipsordocks.Citieswhichbeganasportsretainthechiefcommercialandadministrativecentreofthecityclosetothewaterfront.ThecentreofNewYorkisinlowerManhattanbetweentworivermouths,theCityofLondonisontheThames,ShanghaialongtheBund.ThisproximitytowaterisalsotrueofBoston,Philadelphia,Bombay,Calcutta,Madras,Singapore,Bangkok,HongKongandYokohama,wherethecommercial,financial,andadministrativecentersarestillgroupedarou
A.Y
B.N
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3.PortCityTheportcityprovidesafascinatingandrichunderstandingofthemovementofpeopleandgoodsaroundtheworld.Weunderstandaportasacentreofland-seaexchange,andasamajorsourceoflivelihoodandamajorforceforculturalmixing.ButdoportsallproducearangeofcommonurbancharacteristicswhichjustifyclassifyingportcitiestogetherunderasinglegrouplabelDotheyhaveenoughincommontoguaranteedistinguishingthemfromotherkindsofcitiesPortsandharborsAportmustbedistinguishedfromaharbor.Therearetwoverydifferentthings.Mostportshavepoorharbors,manyfineharborsseefewships.Harborisaphysicalconcept,ashelterforships;portisaneconomicconcept,acenterofland-seaexchangewhichrequiresgoodaccesstoahinterlandevenmorethanasea-linkedforeland.Itislandwardaccess,whichisproductiveofgoodsforexportandwhichdemandsimports,thatiscritical.Poorharborscanbeimprovedwithbreakwatersanddredgingifthereisademandforaport.MadrasandColomboareexamplesofharborsexpensivelyimprovedbyenlarging,dredging(清淤)andbuildingbreakwaters.Onceaportcity,alwaysaportcityPortcitesbecomeindustrial,financialandservicecentersandpoliticalcapitalsbecauseoftheirwaterconnectionsandtheurbanconcentrationwhicharisesthereandlaterdrawstoitrailways,highwaysandairroutes.Watertransportmeanscheapaccess,thechiefbasisofallportcities.Manyoftheworlds’’biggestcities,forexample,London,NewYork,Shanghai,Istanbul,BuenoisAirs,Tokyo,Jakarta,Calcutta,PhiladelphiaandSanFracisscobeganasports—thatis,whichland-seaexchangeastheirmajorfunction—buttheyhavesincegrownproportioninotherrespectssothattheirportfunctionsarenolongerdominant.Theyremaindifferentkindsofplacesfromnon-portcitiesandtheirportfunctionsaccountforthatdifference.AtrulyinternationalenvironmentPortfunctions,morethananythingelse,makeacitycosmopolitan.Aportcityisopentotheworld.Initraces,cultures,andideasaswellasgoodsfromavarietyofplaces,jostle,mixandenricheachotherandthelifeofthecity.Thesmelloftheseaandtheharbor,thesoundofboatwhistlesorthemovingtidesaresymbolsoftheirmultiplelinkswithawideworld,samplesofwhicharepresentinmicrocosm(缩影)withintheirownurbanareas.ReasonsforthedeclineofportsSeaportshavebeentransformedbytheappearanceofpoweredvessels,whosesizeanddraughthaveincrease
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