托福综合写作讲义.ppt
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托福综合写作讲义.ppt
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TOEFLiBTIntegratedWriting,ByJoe,考什么,1.notetaking2.summarizing3.paraphrasing,Reading&Lecture,1.1L完全反对R中的结论、观点;1.2L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等;,2.延续,1.驳斥,2.1L支持R结论、观点;2.2L解释R中的原因、结果等;,Reading读什么,MeanideaExplanation,Lecture听什么,MeanideaExplanationDetail&Examples,Themorespecific,thebetter,ThestructureofBODY,一一对应、逐个反驳正反结构、简单明了,A.结构,1.一一对应、逐个反驳,Paragraph1:
Althoughthereadingprovidesafewexamplesofaltruisticbehaviornaturallyfoundinbothhumanandmeerkats,thelectureeasilyrefutestheclaimsofthereadingwiththehelpofsomescientificresearch.,1.一一对应、逐个反驳,Paragraph2:
ThereadingfirstclaimsthatTheauthorbelievesthataswell.Inaddition,thereadingsupport,1.一一对应、逐个反驳,Paragraph3:
Onthecontrary,thelecturerefutesbycitingseveralkeyscientificfindings.FirstlyBesidesFurthermore/finally,Conclusion,Evidence1,Evidence3,Evidence2,Supportingexample,Supportingexample,Supportingexample,.,.,.,Conclusion,Evidence1,Evidence3,Evidence2,Supportingexample,Supportingexample,Supportingexample,.,.,.,Reading,Listening,2.正反结构、简单明了,Paragraph2:
ThereadingfirstclaimsthatHowever,thelecturerefutesbycitingthescientificfindingthat,2.正反结构、简单明了,Paragraph3:
Inaddition,thelecturerargueagainstthereadingpassagessecondpointbysayingthat,2.正反结构、简单明了,Paragraph4:
Thereadingclaimsthataswell.Again,thistheoryisrefutedbytheprofessorinthelecturebypointingoutthat,Conclusion,Evidence1,Evidence3,Evidence2,Supportingexample,Supportingexample,Supportingexample,.,.,.,Conclusion,Evidence1,Evidence3,Evidence2,Supportingexample,Supportingexample,Supportingexample,.,.,.,Reading,Listening,讲话人Lecturer,speaker,professor2.文章作者Writer,author,B.语言,陈述、认为State/indicate/believe/suggest/discuss/talkabout/present/makethepointthat/say/demonstrate/illustrate/pointout/investigate/claim/maintain/,B.语言,驳斥、反对refute,disagreewith,castdoubton,challenge,oppose,conflictwith,denythestatementof,contradict,differfrom,incontrast,B.语言,支持support,enhance,uphold,justify,strengthen/assert/sustain/,B.语言,转折对比动词类:
refutechallengedoubtdenyrebutcountercastdoubtoncontradictopposeobjecttodisagreewithdisapproveof形容词短语类:
becontradictoryconflictingopposingcontraryoppositetodifferentfrom副词短语类:
incontrastconverselyhoweveractuallyinfactindeed连词类:
whilewhereas,B.语言,举例:
forexampleasanexampleforinstanceAisanexampleofBthatis/namelyTogiveaspecificexample,B.语言,提示观点,递进:
inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis.thatbringsusto.whatIwanttotalkaboutisthat.,B.语言,提示观点,递进:
inaddition/furthermoreinthesamemanneranotherreasonis.thatbringsusto.whatIwanttotalkaboutisthat.,B.语言,研究调查:
(further/closer/other)studies/researches发明发现:
(new)finding/discovery其他解释:
alternativeexplanation/theory反方证据:
counter-example/evidence质疑驳斥:
challenge/objection/refutation断言声称:
allegation/claim/assertion控诉反驳:
charge/objection/refutation评论解释:
remark/comment错误缺陷:
fault/weakness/mistake/error,B.语言,结论:
allinallTosumup/insummaryinconclusioninconsequence/consequentlyInanutshelltherefore/hence,B.语言,Firstparagraph:
C.段落,Inthelecture,theprofessormakesseveralpointsabout_.Thelecturerarguesthat_.Thepointsmadebytheprofessoragree/disagreewith/contradictthereadingpassage.,Inthereadingpassage,theauthorclaimsthat_.However,thefollowinglisteningmaterialentirelychallengedthestatementmadebythewriter.Thespeakercontendsthat_.,OR,Inthelecture,theprofessorarguesthat_.However,thereadingpassagecontendsthat_.Theprofessorslecturecastsdoubton/advocatesthereadingpassagebyusingnumberofpointsandexample.,Body:
C.段落,Body:
C.段落,Body:
C.段落,Conclusion:
C.段落,Inretrospect,allthethreeevidenceofthelectureillustratethatthespeakeragrees/disagreeswiththepointsmentionedinthereadingmaterials.,Inconclusion,basedonthediscussionsdemonstratedabove,wecanclearlyseethatthepointmadeinthelecturedifferfromthosemadeinthereading.,Attention!
一般现在时+一般过去时,1.时态,2.Paraphrase,不要照抄原文,2.LectureVSReading,LR,
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- 托福 综合 写作 讲义