英语语言学.docx
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英语语言学.docx
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英语语言学
语言学知识点
I语言学导论
II语言学主要分支学科
III语言学的流派和理论
I语言学导论
1.designfeatureoflanguage
(语言的定义特征)
2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)
3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)
4.scopeoflinguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
1.designfeatureoflanguage(语言的定义特征)
definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
1.designfeatureoflanguage
语言定义特征
1)Arbitrariness(任意性)
2)Duality(二层性)
3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)
4)Displacement(移位性)
5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)
1)Arbitrariness(任意性):
定义:
theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.
举例:
书,book,livre
喜欢,like,aimer
2)Duality(二层性):
定义:
thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.
举例:
Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses
3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性):
定义:
Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality
举例1:
/k/,/a:
/,/p/----carporpark
举例2:
England,defeated,France
EnglanddefeatedFrance.
FrancedefeatedEngland.
4)Displacement(替代性):
定义:
Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.
5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性):
定义:
languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningratherthaninstinct.
反例:
印度狼孩
3.Designfeature定义特征
1)Arbitrariness(任意性)
2)Duality(二层性)
3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)
4)Displacement(移位性)
5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)
如何记忆:
五性,创意遗传
4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics
(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)
1)descriptive&prescriptive
2)synchronic&diachronic
3)langue&parole
4)competence&performance
1)Descriptive(描述性)vs.Prescriptive(规定性)
Descriptive:
describinghowthingsare.
prescriptive:
prescribinghowthingsoughttobe
ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics
举例:
Don'tsayX.
Peopledon'tsayX.
Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.
2).Synchronic(共时性)vs.Diachronic(历时性)
synchronic:
takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.
diachronic:
thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.
举例:
研究1800年的英语发音
Synchronicstudies(共时性研究)
研究1800-1900的法语语法变化
Diachronicstudies(历时研究)
2.世界语言分类
2.世界语言分类
ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics
3).langue(语言)&parole(言语)
Theorist:
Saussure(索绪尔),fatherofmodernlinguistics
langue:
abstractlinguisticsystem
parole:
actualrealizationoflangue
ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics
举例:
汉语系统
langue
每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语
parole
ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics
4)Competence(语言能力)andperformance(语言运用)
theorist:
Chomsky(乔姆斯基)
competence:
user'sknowledge
ofrulesaboutthelinguisticsystem.
performance:
theactual
realizationofthisknowledgeinconcretesituations.
5.ScopeofLinguistics(语言学的研究范围)
1)按研究内容来分
2)按研究导向来分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
语言学分类-按研究导向分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
语言学分类-按研究内容分
考点:
1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别
2.语音学重要概念:
清音和浊音
3.音系学重要概念:
音子,音位,超音段特征
Phoneticsstudiesallspeechsoundsinhumanlanguages:
howtheyareproduced,transmittedandhowtheyarereceived.
Phonology:
aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
区别:
meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音)
举例:
too和tea中的/t/
发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部
发tea中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔后部
语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处,音系学不研究
Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived.
语音学分类
articulatoryphonetics(发音语音学):
speaker’sproduction
acousticphonetics(声学语音学):
transmission’smedium
auditoryphonetics(听觉语音学):
receiver’sreception
如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别:
联想:
mathematics,physics,mechanics
phonetics语言学,-ics科学性更强
geology,sociology,astrology
phonology音系学,-ology人文性更强
Howspeechsoundsaremade
Speechorgans
Positionofthevocalfolds(声带):
voicing(浊音)andvoiceless(清音)
Voiceless(清音):
vocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingtheairstreamgothroughwithoutcausingobstruction
清音举例:
[p,s,t]
Voicing/Voiced(浊音):
vocalcordsheldtogether,lettingtheairstreamvibrates
浊音:
[b,z,d]
Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.
Asthereisnoobstructionofairintheproductionofvowels,thedescriptionoftheconsonantsandvowelscannotbedonealongthesamelines.
音系学定义:
studyofhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
音系学重要概念:
phone音子,
phoneme音位(音系研究的基本单位)
supra-segmentalfeatures超音段特征
Phone(音子):
aphoneticunit;thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringcommunicationareallphones
举例:
too和tea中的/t/
发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部
发tea中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔后部
所以too和tea中的/t/两个不同的音子
Phoneme(音位):
phonologicalandabstractunit,aunitofdistinctivevalue;thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.
举例:
tea和sea,/t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morpheme
Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?
A.phone
B.sound
C.voice
D.phoneme
Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonology?
A.phone
B.sound
C.voice
D.phoneme(音位)
Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?
A.phone
B.sound
C.voice
D.phoneme
Whatisthepointofdepartureofphonetics?
A.phone
B.sound
C.voice
D.phoneme
Suprasegmentalfeatures(超音段特征)
Suprasegmentalfeatures:
phonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.
Theprincipalsuprasegmentalsare:
Supra-segmentalfeatures(超音段特征):
stress(重音)
举例:
perfect(adj)和perfect(v)
tone(声调)/pitch(音高):
定义:
soundfeaturewhicharecausedbythedifferingrateofvibrationofthevocalfolds.
举例:
mā妈,má麻,m?
马,mà骂
比较:
英语单词,如me
intonation(语调):
pitch,stress,andsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation.
举例:
Morphology形态学
1.学科定义
2.语素的定义和分类
3.词的分类(classificationofwords)
形态学研究的基本单位
1.morpheme(语素).Themostbasicelementofmeaninginlanguage,anelementthatcannotbefurtherdividedintosmallerunitswithoutalteringitsmeaning.
举例:
ball
football
balls
TypesofMorphemes
Freemorphemesvs.Boundmorphemes(自由语素和黏着语素):
Freemorphemes:
thosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,egboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorphemes:
thosethatcannotoccuralone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.
TypesofBoundMorpheme
Inflectionalmorpheme(屈折语素)=inflectionalaffix(屈折词缀):
changethegrammaticalmeaning(number,aspect,case,tense)
Derivationalmorpheme(派生语素)=inflectionalaffix(派生词缀):
changethelexicalmeaningdis+like+s
derivationalfreeinflectionalmorpheme
light+en+ed
freederivationalinflectionalmorpheme
Derivationalmorpheme(改变词义):
改变词义:
dis-,un-,multi-,micro-
改变词性:
en-,-full,-ment
Inflectionalmorpheme(改变语法含义):
改变名称的性,数,格:
-ess,-s,
改变动词的时,态,体:
-ing,-ed,
改变形容词的级:
-er,-est
词的分类-按构词法分
如何区分派生词(derivationalword)和合成词(compoundword):
拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词,如果可以,就是合成词,如果不能就是派生词。
Businessman:
business+man
Playboy:
play+boy
Mouthful:
mouth+ful
Lighten:
light+en
词的分类-按词义分
词的分类-按开放性分
词的分类-按在句子重要性分
Syntax句法
考点
1.定义
2.句法范畴
3.句子类型
1.Syntax定义:
:
studiesinternalstructureofsentenceandrulesofsentence-formation
Category(范畴):
agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchassentence,anounphraseoraverb(起相同作用的一类语言单位)Syntacticalcategory(句法范畴):
agroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinsentence-formation.(在句子构成中起相同作用的一类语言单位)Syntacticalcategory(句法范畴)
Word-----------lexicalcategory
Phrase---------phrasalcategory
Clause---------clausalcategory
Sentence
LexicalCategory词法范畴
=PartsofSpeech词类
phrase
specifierheadcomplement
acarfivemetersaway
SentenceTypes(句子类型)
simple
Sentencecomplex
non-simple
compound
4.句子分类:
Simplesentence简单句
Coordinatesentence并列句
Complexsentence复杂句
simplesentence简单句
定义:
alsocalledindependentclause,containsasubjectandaverb,anditexpressesacompletethought.
练习:
JimandMikeplayfootballeveryafternoon.
(simplesentence)
Marygoestothelibraryandstudieseveryday.
(coordinatesentence)
coordinatesentence并列句:
containstwoindependentclausesjoinedbyacoordinator(并列连词)suchasand,or,butetc.Coordinatorsareoftenprecededbyacomma.
例句:
ItriedtospeakSpanish,andmyfriendtriedtospeakEnglish.
Lilywenttoplayfootball,butMariawentshopping.
Youhavetodoitonewayortheother.
Simplesentence
Theworkerswerecheerful,oratleasttheyappearedtobecheerful.
Coordinatesentence
complexsentence
定义:
Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclausejoinedwithoneormoredependentclausesbyoneormoresubordinators(从属连词)suchasif,when,because,althoug.
Asheisgrowingold,heseldomgoesout.
Heisgrowingold,whereashebecomeshealthier.
如何区分并列和复杂句---看连词表示的关系
并列,选择和转折关系---并列句
时间,条件,原因和让步关系---复杂句
Semantics
考点:
1.定义:
studyofmeaning
2.两种基本意义:
reference指称和sense涵义
3.五种词语语义关系
LudwigWittgenstein:
‘Themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguage’.
Meaningisstudiedbymakingdetailedanalysesofthewaywordsandsentencesareusedinspecificcontexts.
Reference(指称):
howlanguagereferstotherealphysicalworld(语言指代外部物质世界)Sense(涵义):
inherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandthemeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.(语言形式的内在意义)
concept
symbolizesrefersto
symbolreferent
(word)standsfor(object)
Synonymy同义
Synonymy同义:
samenessorsimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
同义分类举例
dialecticalsynonym地域同义词:
举例:
fallandautumn,flatandapartmen
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- 关 键 词:
- 英语 语言学
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