Satellite Communications Systems Engineering Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and Syst..pdf
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Satellite Communications Systems Engineering Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and Syst..pdf
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kkkkSatelliteCommunicationsSystemsEngineeringkkkkSatelliteCommunicationsSystemsEngineeringAtmosphericEffects,SatelliteLinkDesignandSystemPerformanceLouisJ.Ippolito,Jr.EngineeringConsultantandAdjunctProfessor,TheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,WashingtonDC,USASecondEditionkkkkThiseditionfirstpublished20172017JohnWiley&SonsLtdAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermisiontoreusematerialfromthistitleisavailableathttp:
/rightofLouisJ.Ippolito,Jr.tobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewithlaw.RegisteredOfficesJohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UKEditorialOfficeTheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UKFordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andmoreinformationaboutWileyproductsvisitusat.Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontentthatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats.LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarrantyWhilethepublisherandauthorshaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorsshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages.LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataappliedforISBN:
9781119259374Coverimage:
Jeff_Hu/Gettyimages;ILYAGENKIN/ShutterstockCoverdesignbyWileyAcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India10987654321kkkkvContentsListofAcronymsxiiiPrefacetoSecondEditionxix1IntroductiontoSatelliteCommunications11.1EarlyHistoryofSatelliteCommunications31.1.1SCORE31.1.2ECHO31.1.3COURIER41.1.4WESTFORD41.1.5TELSTAR41.1.6RELAY41.1.7SYNCOM51.1.8EARLYBIRD51.1.9APPLICATIONSTECHNOLOGYSATELLITE-1,ATS-151.1.10ATS-351.1.11ATS-561.1.12ANIKA61.1.13ATS-661.1.14CTS81.2SomeBasicCommunicationsSatelliteSystemDefinitions91.2.1SatelliteCommunicationsSegments91.2.1.1SpaceSegment91.2.1.2GroundSegment91.2.2SatelliteLinkParameters101.2.3SatelliteOrbits111.2.3.1GeosynchronousOrbit(GSOorGEO)111.2.3.2LowEarthOrbit(LEO)121.2.3.3MediumEarthOrbit(MEO)121.2.3.4HighEarthOrbit(HEO)121.2.4FrequencyBandDesignations131.3OverviewofBookStructureandTopics13References15kkkkviContents2SatelliteOrbits172.1KeplersLaws182.2OrbitalParameters192.3OrbitsinCommonUse222.3.1GeostationaryOrbit232.3.2LowEarthOrbit252.3.3MediumEarthOrbit262.3.4HighlyEllipticalOrbit262.3.5PolarOrbit272.4GeometryofGSOLinks272.4.1RangetoSatellite292.4.2ElevationAngletoSatellite292.4.3AzimuthAngletoSatellite302.4.4SampleCalculation31References33Problems333SatelliteSubsystems353.1SatelliteBus363.1.1PhysicalStructure373.1.1.1SpinStabilization373.1.1.2Three-AxisStabilization383.1.2PowerSubsystem383.1.3AttitudeControl393.1.4OrbitalControl393.1.5ThermalControl413.1.6ElectronicPropulsionSatellites423.1.7Tracking,Telemetry,Command,andMonitoring433.2SatellitePayload453.2.1Transponder453.2.1.1FrequencyTranslationTransponder453.2.1.2On-BoardProcessingTransponder463.2.2Antennas47References484TheRFLink494.1TransmissionFundamentals494.1.1EffectiveIsotropicRadiatedPower514.1.2PowerFluxDensity514.1.3AntennaGain524.1.3.1CircularParabolicReflectorAntenna534.1.3.2Beamwidth534.1.4Free-SpacePathLoss554.1.5BasicLinkEquationforReceivedPower564.1.5.1SampleCalculationforKu-BandLink574.2SystemNoise594.2.1NoiseFigure614.2.2NoiseTemperature63kkkkContentsvii4.2.2.1ActiveDevices634.2.2.2PassiveDevices644.2.2.3ReceiverAntennaNoise654.2.3SystemNoiseTemperature664.2.3.1SampleCalculationforSystemNoiseTemperature684.2.4FigureofMerit694.3LinkPerformanceParameters704.3.1Carrier-to-NoiseRatio704.3.2Carrier-to-NoiseDensity724.3.3Energy-per-BittoNoiseDensity72Reference73Problems735LinkSystemPerformance755.1LinkConsiderations755.1.1FixedAntennaSizeLink765.1.2FixedAntennaGainLink775.1.3FixedAntennaGain,FixedAntennaSizeLink775.2Uplink795.2.1MultipleCarrierOperation815.3Downlink815.4PercentofTimePerformanceSpecifications82References84Problems856TransmissionImpairments876.1RadiowaveFrequencyandSpaceCommunications876.2RadiowavePropagationMechanisms896.2.1Absorption906.2.2Scattering906.2.3Refraction906.2.4Diffraction906.2.5Multipath906.2.6Scintillation906.2.7Fading906.2.8FrequencyDispersion906.3PropagationBelowAbout3GHz926.3.1IonosphericScintillation956.3.2PolarizationRotation976.3.3GroupDelay986.3.4Dispersion996.4PropagationAboveAbout3GHz1006.4.1RainAttenuation1016.4.1.1SpatialStructureofRain1016.4.1.2ClassicalDescriptionforRainAttenuation1026.4.1.3AttenuationandRainRate1046.4.2GaseousAttenuation1056.4.3CloudandFogAttenuation107kkkkviiiContents6.4.3.1SpecificAttenuationforClouds1076.4.3.2TotalCloudAttenuation1086.4.4Depolarization1086.4.4.1RainDepolarization1106.4.4.2IceDepolarization1136.4.5TroposphericScintillation1146.4.5.1ScintillationParameters1166.4.5.2AmplitudeScintillationMeasurements1166.5RadioNoise1176.5.1SpecificationofRadioNoise1196.5.2NoiseFromAtmosphericGases1216.5.3SkyNoiseDueToRain1246.5.4SkyNoiseDuetoClouds1256.5.5NoiseFromExtra-TerrestrialSources1266.5.5.1CosmicBackgroundNoise1276.5.5.2SolarNoise1316.5.5.3LunarNoise1336.5.5.4RadioStars134References134Problems1357PropagationEffectsModelingandPrediction1387.1AtmosphericGases1387.1.1LeibeComplexRefractivityModel1397.1.2ITU-RGaseousAttenuationModels1407.1.2.1ITU-RLine-by-lineCalculation1407.1.2.2ITU-RGaseousAttenuationApproximationMethod1457.2CloudsandFog1527.2.1ITU-RCloudAttenuationModel1537.2.2SlobinCloudModel1557.3RainAttenuation1627.3.1ITU-RRainAttenuationModel1627.3.2CraneRainAttenuationModels1767.3.2.1CraneGlobalRainModel1777.3.2.2CraneTwoComponentRainAttenuationModel1827.4Depolarization1877.4.1RainDepolarizationModeling1887.4.1.1ITU-RDepolarizationModel1887.4.2IceDepolarizationModeling1907.4.2.1TsolakisandStutzmanT-MatrixModel1907.4.2.2ITU-RIceDepolarizationEstimation1937.5TroposphericScintillation1947.5.1KarasawaScintillationModel1947.5.2ITU-RScintillationModel1977.5.3vandeCampCloudScintillationModel199References201Problems203kkkkContentsix8RainFadeMitigation2058.1PowerRestoralTechniques2058.1.1BeamDiversity2068.1.2PowerControl2078.1.2.1UplinkPowerControl2088.1.2.2DownlinkPowerControl2118.1.3SiteDiversity2118.1.3.1DiversityGainandDiversityImprovement2128.1.3.2DiversitySystemDesignandPerformance2178.1.3.3SiteDiversityProcessing2248.1.3.4ConsiderationsWhenModelingSiteDiversity2258.1.4OrbitDiversity2278.2SignalModificationRestoralTechniques2298.2.1FrequencyDiversity2308.2.2BandwidthReduction2318.2.3Time-DelayedTransmissionDiversity2318.2.4AdaptiveCodingandModulation2318.3Summary232References232Problems2339TheCompositeLink2359.1FrequencyTranslation(FT)Satellite2369.1.1Uplink2369.1.2Downlink2389.1.3CompositeCarrier-to-NoiseRatio2389.1.3.1Carrier-to-NoiseDensity2429.1.3.2Energy-Per-BittoNoiseDensityRatio2429.1.4PerformanceImplications2439.1.5PathLossesandLinkPerformance2449.2On-BoardProcessing(OBP)Satellite2489.2.1OBPUplinkandDownlink2509.2.2CompositeOBPPerformance2509.2.2.1BinaryFSKLink2519.3ComparisonofFTandOBPPerformance2529.4IntermodulationNoise2559.5LinkDesignSummary257References258Problems25810SatelliteCommunicationsSignalProcessing26110.1AnalogSystems26110.1.1AnalogBasebandFormatting26210.1.2AnalogSourceCombining26410.1.3AnalogModulation26410.2DigitalBasebandFormatting27010.2.1PCMBandwidthRequirements273kkkkxContents10.2.2NearlyInstantaneousCompanding(NIC)27310.2.3AdaptiveDeltaModulation(ADM)orContinuouslyVariableSlopeDeltaModulation(CVSD)27310.2.4AdaptiveDifferentialPCM(ADPCM)27410.3DigitalSourceCombining27410.4DigitalCarrierModulation27510.4.1BinaryPhaseShiftKeying27810.4.2QuadraturePhaseShiftKeying28010.4.3HigherOrderPhaseModulation28310.5Summary283Reference284Problems28411SatelliteMultipleAccess28611.1FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess28911.1.1PCM/TDM/PSK/FDMA29011.1.2PCM/SCPC/PSK/FDMA29211.2TimeDivisionMultipleAccess29311.2.1PCM/TDM/PSK/TDMA29411.2.2TDMAFrameEfficiency29511.2.2.1SampleCalculationforFrameEfficiency29611.2.3TDMACapacity29611.2.3.1SampleCalculationforChannelCapacity29811.2.4SatelliteSwitchedTDMA29911.3CodeDivisionMultipleAccess30311.3.1DirectSequenceSpreadSpectrum30611.3.2FrequencyHoppingSpreadSpectrum30911.3.3CDMAProcessingGain31011.3.4CDMACapacity31211.3.4.1SampleCalculationfortheCDMAChannelCapacity313References314Problems31412TheMobileSatelliteChannel31612.1MobileChannelPropagation31612.1.1Reflection31712.1.2Diffraction31812.1.3Scattering31812.2NarrowbandChannel32112.2.1PathLossFactor32312.2.2ShadowFading32712.2.2.1EmpiricalRoadsideShadowingModel32812.2.2.2ITU-RRoadsideBuildingShadowingModel33112.2.3MultipathFading33312.2.3.1MountainEnvironmentMultipathModel33812.2.3.2RoadsideTreesMultipathModel33912.2.4Blockage340kkkkContentsxi12.2.4.1ITU-RBuildingBlockageModel34012.2.4.2HandHeldTerminalBlockage34412.2.5MixedPropagationConditions34612.3Wid
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