《英语-科技写作与沟通技巧》Lecture-1.pptx
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《英语-科技写作与沟通技巧》Lecture-1.pptx
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ScientificPaperWritingLecture1,Mar12,2016,Howmuchdoyouknowaboutacademicwriting?
Findoutbydoingthisfunquiz.1.Themaindifferencebetweenacademicwritingandnormalwritingisthatacademicwriting:
(a)useslongerwords(b)triestobepreciseandunbiased(c)ishardertounderstand,AcademicWritingQuiz,1,2Thedifferencebetweenaprojectandanessayis:
(a)essaysarelonger(b)projectsarelonger(c)studentschooseprojectstopics3Teacherscomplainmostaboutstudents:
(a)notansweringthequestiongiven(b)notwritingenough(c)notreferencingproperly,4Thebesttimetowriteanintroductionisoften:
(a)rst(b)last(c)afterwritingthemainbody5Plagiarismis:
adangerousdiseaseanacademicoffence(c)anacademicwebsite,6Makingcarefulnotesisessentialfor:
(a)writingessays(b)revisingforexams(c)allacademicwork7Anin-textcitationlookslike:
(a)(Manton,2008)(b)(RichardManton,2008)(c)(Manton,R.2008),8Paraphrasingatextmeans:
(a)makingitshorter(b)changingalotofthevocabulary(c)addingmoredetail9Paragraphsalwayscontain:
(a)sixormoresentences(b)anexample(c)atopicsentence,10Thepurposeofanintroductionis:
(a)togiveyouraimsandmethods(b)toexcitethereader(c)tosummariseyourideas11Proofreadingmeans:
(a)gettingafriendtocheckyourwork(b)checkingforminorerrors(c)Rewriting,12Teachersexpectstudentstoadoptacriticalapproachtotheirsources:
sometimesonlyforMastersworkalways,AcademicwritingTranslationstrategies,CourseContent,Unit1:
TheWritingFoundationsUnit2:
WritingStagesUnit3:
ElementsofWritingIUnit4:
ElementsofWritingIIUnit5:
WritingModels,Attendance(20%)Classperformance(20%)Finalpaper(60%)Topic:
major/work-relatedForm:
asurveyreportwithnolessthan1500words,Assessment,WritingFoundations,Topic1:
BackgroundtoWritingTopic2:
AvoidingPlagiarismTopic3:
SummarisingandParaphrasing,Topic1:
BackgroundtoWriting,Thepurposeofacademicwriting,toansweraquestionthewriterhasbeengivenorchosentoreportapieceofresearchthewriterhasconductedtosynthesizeresearchdonebyothersonatopic,Commontypesofacademicwriting,Apieceofresearch,eitherindividualorgroupwork,withthetopicchosenbythestudent(s).,Thelongestpieceofwritingnormallydonebyastudent(20,000+words)oftenforahigherdegree,onatopicchosenbythestudent.,Ageneraltermforanyacademicessay,reportorarticle.,Astudyofsomethingthathashappened(e.g.asurveyastudenthasconducted).,Themostcommontypeofwrittenwork,withthetitlegivenbytheteacher,normally1,0005,000words.,Awrittenrecordofthemainpointsofatextorlecture,forastudentspersonaluse.,Shortessays,Introduction,MainBody,Conclusion,Theformatoflongandshortwritingtasks,Longeressays,Introduction,MainBody,Conclusion,Literaturereview,Casestudies,Discussion,References,Appendices,Dissertationsandjournalarticles,AbstractListofcontentsListoftablesIntroductionMainbodyLiteraturereviewCasestudyFindingsDiscussion,ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesAppendices,Findthewordsinthelistsabovethatmatchthefollowingdefinitions:
Ashortsummaryof100-200wordswhichexplainsthepaperspurposeandmainfindings.Alistofallthesourcesthewriterhasmentionedinthetext.Asection,attheend,whereadditionalinformationisincluded.,abstract,references,appendix,Ashortsectionwherepeoplewhohavehelpedthewriterarethanked.Partofthemainbodyinwhichtheviewsofotherwritersonthetopicarediscussed.Asectionwhereoneparticularexampleisdescribedindetail.,literaturereview,acknowledgements,casestudy,Theformatofacademicwriting,Readthetextbelowandidentifythefeaturesunderlined,usingthewordsinthebox.,sentenceheadingsub-titleparagraphtitlephrase,(a)TheEffectivenessofMicrocredit(b)AnevaluationofprogramsinIndiaandthePhilippines(c)Introduction,title,sub-title,heading,Inthelasttenyears,considerableclaimshavebeenmadeaboutthevalueofmicrocredit(alsoknownasmicrofinance),theprovisionofunsecuredsmallloanstothepoorindevelopingcountries.Butithasprovedsurprisinglydifficulttoaccuratelymeasuretheeffectivenessoftheseloans,withoutinterferencefromothernon-commercialfactors.,phrase,sentence,Tworecentstudieshaveattemptedtocomparetheeffectsonrandomlychosengroupsofpeoplewithaccesstomicrocredit,comparedtothosewithout.Thefirst(Bannerjeeetal.,2009),basedatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT),lookedatslumdwellersinthecityofHyderabadinIndia,whilethesecond(KarlanandZinman,2009)comparedborrowersandnon-borrowersinthePhilippines.Overall,neitherstudyfoundevidencethatmicrocredithadanyeffectinreducingpoverty,althoughitmayhavesomeotherpositiveaspectssuchasreducingtheconsumptionofalcoholortobacco.,paragraph,Topic2:
AvoidingPlagiarism,Whatisplagiarism?
Basically,plagiarismmeanstakingideasorwordsfromasource(e.g.abookorjournal)withoutgivingcredit(acknowledgement)totheauthor.Inacademicwork,ideasandwordsareseenasprivatepropertybelongingtothepersonwhofirstthoughtorwrotethem.Ifyouborroworrefertotheworkofanotherperson,youmustshowthatyouhavedonethisbyprovidingthecorrectacknowledgement.,SummaryandcitationRodgers(2007)arguesthatfamily-ownedbusinessessurviverecessionsbetter.QuotationandcitationAsRodgersmaintains:
Thereisstrongevidencefortheresilienceoffamilybusinessesinrecessionarytimes(Rodgers,2007:
23).,Thesecitationsarelinkedtoalistofreferencesattheendofthemaintext,whichincludethefollowingdetails:
Degreesofplagiarism,Workingwithapartner,considerthefollowingacademicsituationsanddecideiftheyareplagiarism.,Y,Y,Y,N,Copyingaparagraph,butchangingafewwordsandgivingacitation.,Cuttingandpastingashortarticlefromawebsite,withnocitation.,Takingtwoparagraphsfromaclassmatesessay,withoutcitation.,Takingagraphfromatextbook,givingthesource.,27,Y,Y,Y,N,N,Y/N,Takingaquotationfromasource,givingacitationbutnotusingquotationmarks.,Usinganideathatyouthinkofasgeneralknowledge(e.g.theGreatDepressionwascausedbyrestrictionsonfreetrade),withoutcitation.,Usingaparagraphfromanessayyouwroteandhadmarkedtheprevioussemester,withoutcitation.,Usingtheresultsofyourownresearch(e.g.fromasurvey),withoutcitation.,Discussinganessaytopicwithagroupofclassmatesandusingsomeoftheirideasinyourownwork.,Givingacitationforsomeinformationbutmisspellingtheauthorsname.,Howtoavoidplagiarism?
Avoidingplagiarismbysummarisingandparaphrasing,Quotationsshouldnotbeoverused,soyoumustlearntoparaphraseandsummariseinordertoincludeotherwritersideasinyourwork.Paraphrasinginvolvesrewritingatextsothatthelanguageissubstantiallydifferentwhilethecontentstaysthesame.Summarisingmeansreducingthelengthofatextbutretainingthemainpoints.,Avoidingplagiarismbydevelopinggoodstudyhabits,PositivehabitsPlanyourworkcarefullysoyoudonthavetowritetheessayatthelastminute.Takecaretomakenotesinyourownwords,notcopyingfromthesource.Keeparecordofallthesourcesyouuse(e.g.author,date,title,pagenumbers,publisher).Makesureallyourin-textcitationsareincludedinthelistofreferences.,Topic3:
SummarisingandParaphrasing,Whatmakesagoodsummary?
Writeasummaryofoneofthetopicsbelowinnomorethan20words.(a)Acompanyyouareworkingfor(b)Atownorcityyouknowwell(c)AproductyouhaverecentlyboughtAgoodsummary:
selectionofmostimportantaspects/cleardescription/accuracy,Summarisingisaflexibletool.Youcanuseittogiveaone-sentenceoutlineofanarticle,ortoprovidemuchmoredetail,dependingonyourneeds.Generally,asummaryfocusesonthemainideasandexcludesexamplesorsupportinginformation.,Stagesofsummarising,Readtheoriginaltextcarefullyandcheckanynewordifficultvocabulary.Markthekeypointsbyunderliningorhighlighting.Makenotesofthekeypoints,paraphrasingwherepossible.Writethesummaryfromyournotes,reorganisingthestructureifneeded.Checkthesummarytoensureitisaccurateandnothingimportanthasbeenchangedorlost.,PracticeA,DISRUPTIVETECHNOLOGYThisphrasewasfirstusedbyJosephBowerandClaytonChristensen,oftheHarvardBusinessSchool,in1995.Theyemployedittodescribeanewtechnologythatappealstoaminoritysectionofthemarket,butalargeenoughminoritytoallowthetechnologytotakerootanddevelop.Companiesthatcontinuetousetheoldertechnologyruntheriskofbeingleftbehindiftheydonotadopttheinnovationattherightmoment.Aclearexampleinthemid-1990swasthedigitalcamera.Thefirstmodelshadlowerpicturequalitythanfilmcamerasandwereexpensive.Buttheirimportantadvantagesweretheabilityofthephotographertoseetheresultsimmediately,andbeingabletodownloadtheimagestoacomputerforstorage,printingoremailing.Sincethen,digitalcamerashavecompletelytransformedtheindustry.Thebusinessofmakingfilmhasalmostvanished,andthevastmajorityofcamerassoldarenowdigital.,Summary,Digitalcamerasareagoodexampleofadisruptivetechnology,atermusedbyBowerandChristensenofHarvardBusinessSchoolin1995todescribeanewtechnologythatinitiallywinsenoughmarketsharetosurviveanddevelop.Thesecamerasatfirstproducedinferiorpictures,buthadtheadvantagesofshowingthephotoinstantly,andallowingtheusertodownloadtheimage.Inafewyears,theybecamedominantinthecameramarket,whiletraditionalfilmcameraswerealmostredundant.,Paraphrasing,Paraphrasing,Paraphrasingandsummarisingarenormallyusedtogetherinessaywriting,butwhilesummarisingaimstoreduceinformatio
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