Face-theory...ppt
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Face-theory...ppt
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FaceTheoryContents1.ThenotionofFace2.IntroductionofFaceTheory3.ConstititionofFaceTheory3.1positiveface3.2negativeface4.Facethreateningacts(FTAs)5.StrategiesfordoingFTA6.“Face”inChineseculture1.ThenotionoffaceThenotionoffacehastodowithfeelingsofbeingembarrassedorhumiliated.Itissomethingthatisemotionallyinvestedandsomethingthatcanbelost,maintained,orenhanced,andthereforemustbeconstantlyattendedtobeininterpersonalinteraction.2.IntroductionofFaceTheoryIn1978,BrownandLevinsonpublishedthebookPoliteness:
SomeUniversalsinLanguageUsage,inwhichtheydevelopedGoffmans(1976)notionoffaceintothewell-knownFaceTheory(FTforshort).StephenC.LevinsonStephenC.LevinsonFunction/Status:
DirectorofTheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsGroupAffiliation:
LanguageandCognitionGroupProfessionalbackground:
Linguistics,anthropology(人类学)(人类学),cognitiveanthropologyPenelopeBrownPenelopeBrownFunction/Status:
researcherGroupaffiliation(从属)(从属):
AcquisitionGroupProfessionalbackground:
LinguisticAnthropology,LanguageAcquisition,Mayan(玛雅语)(玛雅语)Indians(印第安人)(印第安人)Intheirview,politenesswasthevariousrationalbehaviorsofaModelPersontosatisfyhisfacewants.AModelPersonhadtwospecialproperties-rationalityandface.Rationality:
theapplicationofaspecificmodeofreasoning-whatAristotle(1969)calledpracticalreasoning(实用主义)-whichguaranteesinferencesfromendsorgoalstomeansthatwillsatisfythoseends.3.3.ConstititionofFaceConstititionofFaceFacethepublicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimself.Itreferstothatemotionalandsocialsenseofselfthateveryonehasandexpectseveryoneelsetorecognize.Faceconsistsoftworelatedaspects:
3.13.1NegativefaceNegativeface(a)negativeface:
Itrefersthatpeoplehopetohavethefreedomofchoosing,donotwishtobeimposedbyothersandtheirbehaviorsdonotsufferfrominterference,hinder.消消极极面面子子指指的的是是不不希希望望别别人人强强加加于于自自己己,自自己己的的行行为为不不受人的干涉和阻碍,希望自己有自己的选择。
受人的干涉和阻碍,希望自己有自己的选择。
E.g.:
threat、warning、order3.23.2PositivefacePositiveface(b)positiveface:
Itrefersthatpeoplewishtogetapproval,appreciationandrespectfromothers.积极极面面子子指指的的是是希希望望得得到到别人人的的赞同同、喜喜爱、欣欣赏和尊敬。
和尊敬。
E.g.:
Itisverykindofyou.Youarebeautiful.Negativefacepositiveface4.Facethreateningacts(FTAs)Somespeechactscharacterizedbyoriginalthreatfacethemselveswillthreatentheface,whicharecalledFaceThreateningActs(FTAS)有些言有些言语行行为具有固定的威具有固定的威胁面子的性面子的性质,本身会威本身会威胁到面到面子,子,这些行些行为被称作被称作“威威胁面子行面子行为”。
SpeechactsasFTAs:
Representatives(assertives)?
Directives(impositives)requests,commands,adviceExpressivescriticisms,blamesCommissivespromises,refusalsDeclarationsdismissals,?
naming5.5.SStrategiesfordoingFTAstrategiesfordoingFTAsEstimationofriskoffaceloss.GreaterLesserSource:
Brown&Levinson1987:
60DontdotheFTADotheFTAoff-recordon-recordwithoutredressiveaction(礼貌补偿行动),baldlywithredressiveactionpositivepolitenessnegativepolitenessFTAstrategiesFTAstrategies
(1)Listen,Ihavegotanidea.
(2)Excuseme.?
(3)Addthreecupsofflourandstirvigorously.?
(4)Getmeacupofcoffee.lDotheFTAonrecordwithoutredressiveaction,baldlyFTAstrategiesFTAstrategies(5)Goodness,arentyourrosesbeautiful!
Iwasjustcomingbytoborrowacupofflour.(6)Hey,mate,Iwaskeepingthatseatforafriendofmine.(7)Movealittlebit,wouldyoumate?
lDotheFTAonrecordwithpositivepolitenessFTAstrategiesFTAstrategies(8)Canyoupassthesalt?
(9)Youcouldntbyanychancepassthesalt,please,couldyou?
(10)Imawfullysorrytobotheryou,andIwouldntbutIminanawfulfix,soIwonderedifbyanychance.lDotheFTAonrecordwithnegativepolitenessFTAstrategiesFTAstrategies(11)Itscoldhere.(meaning:
Shutthewindow!
)(12)Thissoupisabitbland.(meaning:
passthesalt)lDotheFTAonrecordoffrecordPositivepolitenessPositivepolitenessa.Notice/attendtohearerswantsb.Exaggerateinterest/approvalc.Intensifyinterestd.Usein-groupidentitymarkerse.Seekagreementf.Avoiddisagreementg.Presuppose/assertcommongroundh.Jokei.Assertknowledgeofhearerswantsj.Offer,promisek.Beoptimisticl.Assume/assertreciprocity(互惠主义)(互惠主义)m.Includespeakerandhearerintheactivityn.Givegiftstohearer(goods,sympathy,etc.)NegativepolitenessNegativepoliteness1.Beconventionallyindirect2.Question,hedge3.Bepessimistic4.Minimizeimposition5.Givedeference6.Apologize7.Impersonalize8.Statetheimpositionasageneralrule9.Nominalize10.GoonrecordasincurringadebtTheconceptionoffaceinChinesecultureisdifferentfromBrownandLevinsonsdefinition.BrownandLevinsondeclarethatfaceistheself-imageinsociallife.Itisobviouslythattheyputgreatemphasisonindividual.WhattheycallFATsarethosethatthreatenthefaceofthespeakerorhearer.“Face”inChineseculture:
中国人的脸,不但可以洗,可以刮,并且可以丢,可以赏,可以留。
林语堂要脸,赏脸,丢脸,争脸,爱面子,丢面子,留面子,碍面子,有面子,争面子,讲情面,不要脸,无脸见人,撕破脸皮,翻脸不认人,打肿脸充胖子,不看僧面看佛面,死要面子活受罪。
阿Q孔已己饿死事小失节事大InChinesecultureandsociallife,“脸”or“面子”isusedtocontrolandmodulate(调节)socialacts.Wecanunderstandtheimplicationoffaceasthefollowing:
个人需要不要超过社会给予的身份地位,代表的是个人从属于社会的价值观。
顾曰国Chineseattachmoreimportancetoindividualssubordinationtothesociety,becauseChinesecultureiscollectivity-centered.Thankyou!
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