国际商务英语-名词解释.doc
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国际商务英语-名词解释.doc
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Lesson1
Visibletrade有形贸易:
Theformofcommoditytrade,i.e.exportingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.(includingcashtransaction-bymeansofmoneyandmarket,andcountertrade)
Invisibletrade无形贸易:
Theformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.iscalledinvisibletradeorserviceindustries.
FDI(foreigndirectinvestments)ismadeofreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.
Portfolioinvestment证券投资:
Purchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.
Stocks股票:
Capitalstocksorbonds.
Bonds债券:
Thepapersissuedbyagovernmentorafirmwithpromisetopaybackthemoneylentorinvestedtogetherwithinterest.
Licensing许可经营:
Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.Theychooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostatbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.
Franchising特许经营:
afirmcalledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperateinthenameofanother,calledthefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.
Franchiser特许方:
Afirmwhoprovidesthefranchiseewithtrademarks,brandnames,logosandoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.
Franchisee被特许方:
Afirmisallowedtooperateinthenameofanother.
Managementcontract管理合同:
Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.
Turnkeyproject“交钥匙”工程:
afirmsignsacontractwithaforeignpurchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.
Internationalinvestment国际投资:
Supplyingcapitalbyresidentsofonecountrytoanother.
Internationalbusiness国际商务:
Transactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport.
BOTisapopularvariantoftheturnkeyprojectwhereBstandsforbuild,OforoperateandTfortransfer.ForaBOTproject,afirmoperateafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuldingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.
Lesson2
GNP国民生产总值:
GrossnationalProduct.Themarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.
GDP国内生产总值:
GrossDomesticProduct.Themarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.
PercapitaGDP人均国内生产总值:
ItiscalculatedbydividingitstotalGDPbyitspopulation,whichrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers.
Incomedistribution收入分布:
Theproportionsofitsrich,middleincomeandpoorpeople.
capabilityat/incostfor/ofatreasonablecostsleviedontakeintoaccountwithoutreferenceto(不针对)makeeffortstoengagein
Lesson3
Freetradearea自由贸易区:
Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselveswhilestilladoptseachownexternalpolicy
Customsunion关税同盟:
Themembersremovebarrierstotradeamongthemselvesandadoptthesameexternalpolicy
Commonmarket共同市场:
Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproductionandadoptthesameexternalpolicy.
EconomicUnion(EU)经济同盟:
Themembersremovebarriersnotonlytotradebutalsotofactorsofproduction,adoptthesameexternalpolicyandharmonizetheirtaxation,governmentexpenditure,industrypoliciesandusethesamecurrency.
Lesson4
ParentMNCheadquarter跨国公司母公司,总部istheoriginalinvestingmultinationalcorporation.ItisalsotheinternationalheadquartersoftheMNE.
MNC跨国公司=TNC:
Multinationalcorporation,aremadeupofvastnumbersofforeignsubsidiaries,companiesinwhichover50percentisownedbytheparentcompany.
MNE跨国企业:
Multinationalenterprise:
Atypicalmultinationalenterpriseshallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns(whetherwhollyorpartly),controlsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductiveresources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.Eachmembercompanyisknownasamultinationalcorporation.
Homecounty母国:
Thecountrywheretheheadquarteroftheinvestorislocated.
Hostcountry东道国:
Thehostcountryisaforeigncountrywheretheinvestoroperates.
Lesson5
Absoluteadvantage绝对利益:
Itholdsthatacommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources(capital,landandlabor)
Comparativeadvantage比较利益:
Evenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.
Internationaltrade国际贸易:
Theexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanothersufficient.
Primarycommodities:
thosecommoditiesnotprocessed,oronlyslightlyprocessed,usuallyfarmproduceorrawmaterials.
Specialization专业化:
Torestrictone’seconomicactivitiestocertainparticularfields.
Lesson6
Importduties进口关税:
Tariffsleviedongoodsenteringanarea
Exportduties出口关税:
Taxesleviedongoodsleavinganarea
Tariff关税:
Ataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomarea.
Quota配额:
Aquotalimitstheimportsorexportsofacommodityduringagivenperiodoftime.Itisthemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.
Drawback退税:
Dutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedifthegoodsarereexported.
Most-favored-nation(MFN)treatment最惠国待遇:
Atarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry
Contractproper:
themainbodyofacontract
Lesson7
Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则:
Itisasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.Thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.
Tradetermsaretermsusedininternationaltradetodescribethegeneralinformationaboutthetrade,suchastheunitpriceportofshipment,portofdestinationandthekindofcurrency.
Protectionismisatradebarriertointernationaltradeforthepurposeofprotectinganation’sowndomesticmarketandindustries.Itincludestariffbarriersandnon-tariffbarriers.
Amultinationalenterpriseisabusinessorganizationwhichowns,controlsandmanagesassets,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporated.
Multi-modeltransportation:
Lesson8
Inquiry/enquiry询盘、询价:
Itismadebythebuyerstogetinformationaboutthegoodstobeorderedsuchasquantity,specifications,prices,timeofshipmentandotherterms.
Quotation报盘:
Estimateofhowmuchsomethingwillcost
Counteroffer还盘:
Newoffermadebytheoriginaloffereetotheoriginalofferer
Offeree收盘人:
Afirstenquiry首次询价:
Anenquirysenttoanexporterwhomtheimporterhasneverdealtwith
Acontract一个合同:
Anagreementwhichsetsforthbindingobligationsoftherelevantparties
Afirmoffer一个实盘:
Statementthatyouarewillingtopayacertainamountofmoneytobysomething.
Forcemajeure不可抗力:
isadefaultofthecontractwhichisgivenrisetonotbecauseofthecontractingparties’default,butoftheuncontrollablecauses.Onetypeofthecauseisthenaturalforceandtheotherissocialcause.Orsocialornaturalcalamitiesthattakeplacebeyondthecontrolofacontractingparty
Lesson9
Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀isakindofinflationinwhichthemarketpricesaresoaringquickly.Thedevaluationrateofthecurrencyisastronomical.Thenormaleconomicactivitiesareoutoftheorder,andfinallyleadtothecollapseofthewholemonetarysystem.
inflation:
Riseinpricesbroughtaboutbytheexcessdemand,expansionofmoneysupply,creditetc
Devaluation贬值
Barter易货贸易:
Thedirectexchangeofgoodsandservices,whichiscompletedinashortperiodoftime.
Counterpurchase反向购买、互购贸易:
Theassumptionbyanexporterofatransferableobligationthroughseparatebutlinkedcontracttoacceptasfullorpartialpaymentgoodsandservicesfromtheimporterorimportingcountry.
Buyback回购贸易:
Anagreementbyanexporterofplantandequipmenttotakebackinthefuturepartoftheoutputproducedbythesegoodsasfullorpartialpayment.
Lesson10
Remittance汇付:
Thismethodisalwaysemployedbythepartieswhoarefamiliarwithandtrusteachother
Documentarydraft跟单汇票:
Thedraftisaccompaniedbytherelevantdocuments.
Documentarycollection跟单托收:
Itismeansofensuringthatthegoodsareonlyhandedovertothebuyerwhentheamountshownonabillofexchangeispaidorwhenthecustomeracceptsthebillasacontracttopaybyaspecifieddate.
Payee收款人、领款人:
Thepersonreceivingthepayment.
Sightdraft即期汇票:
Thedraftcallsforimmediatepaymentonpresentationtothedrawee.
Usancedraft远期汇票Termdraft=Tenordraft:
Thedraftispayableatalaterdateonpresentationtothedrawee.
Draft汇票:
=Billofexchange.Itisanunconditionalordertoabankoracustomertopayasumofmoneytosomeoneondemandoratafixedtimeinthefuture.
Drawer出票人:
Thepersonwhodrawsthedraft(usuallytheexporter)
Drawee受票人:
Thepersontowhomthedraftisdrawn.
Cleandraft光票:
Thedraftwithoutdocuments
Lesson11
Applicant(OpenerorPrincipal)申请人:
ThepersonwhoinstructshisbanktoissueanL/C.(theimporter)
applicantofanL/C:
TheimporterthatgoestoabankfortheestablishmentofanL/C
Openingbank(Issuingbank,Establishingbank)开证行:
Thebankthatissuesthecredit.
Openingbank:
thebankthatissuestheletterofcreditiscalledtheopeningbank.
Beneficiary受益人:
Theexporterinwhosefav
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