写作教程第一册Unit 2.ppt
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写作教程第一册Unit 2.ppt
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UnitTwoTheAppropriateWordthestyleofthewordwechooseshouldfittheideawearetoexpress;thechoiceofstyleisdecidedbygenre,audience,andoccasionObjectivesAttheendoftheunityouwillbeableto1.differentiatevariousstylesinEnglish,namely,formal,general,colloquial,andslang;2.avoidsomepitfallsofChinglish;3.developanawarenessofaudienceinnotewriting.KeyPointsthreestylesinwritingawarenessofaudienceinnotewritinguseofpronounsPartIWarm-upActivitiesEachofthetwostudentsinapairwritesashortparagraphasapartofaletterofself-introduction.Forone,theintroductionisthepartofalettertoajobinterviewer,andfortheother,itisthepartofalettertoapenpal.(Thismaybeassignedbeforeclass.)Theparagraphofself-introductionwillbepartofalettertoajobinterviewer.Emphasizeyourstrengths,statingthatyouarearesponsibleandcompetentworker.File1Theparagraphyouaregoingtowritewillbepartofalettertoapenpal.Writetheparagraphtorevealyourweaknesses,thepartofyourcharacterthatyouarenothappywith.File2PartIIStylesinEnglishFormalandgeneralColloquialandslangStyleandaudienceAvoidingChinglishFormalandgeneralSupposeyouaremakinganentryinyourdiaryaboutameetingheldlastFriday.Whichofthefollowingtwosentenceswouldyouwrite?
1.Themeetingadjournedat5p.m.withoutanyconsensusbeingreached.2.Themeetingfinishedat5andwedidntreachanyagreement.Considerthetwosentencesandseewhatswrong.Afteradoubleattempttoinserthimselfthroughthewindow,Michaelconcededfailure.IseriouslyregretthatIcannotbeinattendanceattherehearsaltoday.ItisessentialthatIpresentmyselfforthepreservationofjusticeinacourtoflawbecauseIwasissuedasummonsbyanofficerofthelaw,thechargesagainstmebeingoneofseveralinstancesofamovingviolation,inparticular,exceedingthelimitsestablishedbylocalordinance.Revisedversions:
Aftertwotriesatclimbinginthroughthewindow,Michaelgaveup.ImsorryIcannotattendtherehearsaltoday.IhavetoappearincourtbecauseIgotaspeednotice.Conclusion:
1.Formalwordsarenotascommonasgeneralwords,whichformthebasisofthevocabularyandareusedforeverydaycommunication.Formalwordsmaymakeourwritingodd,anditswrongtothinkthat“themoreformalwordsoneuses,thebetterthewholepieceofwritingis.”2.Generalwordsareenoughtocomposesimpleandclearwriting.3.Thebestpolicy:
usegeneralwordsinmostcasesanduseformalwordsinspecificcontexts,suchasthesiswriting,officialnewsreleases,andformalannouncements.ColloquialandslangReadthefollowingsentenceandtellwhatyouthinkofit.Theviolinvirtuososperformanceonthecellowasarealbomb.Theword“bomb”isaslanganditistoocasualtogowiththesubject.Thecolloquialexpressionsandslangsarenormallyusedinaconversationorinordertoachieveeffect.Theformerformsthebasisofanoralspeech.Colloquialexpressionsarecharacterizedbytoomanyinformalwordsandphrases,idioms,slangs,contractions,e.g.dont,wasnt,etc.andabbreviations,e.g.auto,TV,phone,etc.Mostwritingtasksdonotusethisstyle.Slangoriginatesfromadesirefornovelty.Soitisvividifconsiderednovel,butmostofitisshort-lived,whilesomedoesevolveintocolloquialexpressions.Toomuchslangcanmakeapassagelooseandunserious;somemayevensoundodd.Remembercolloquialandslangexpressionsshouldbeusedcautiously.PleaserevisetheparagraphonPage17withwordsinamoreacceptablestyle.Theauthorhasputaterrificlotintoherbookandshecomesupwithsomeprettygoodideas.Shereallygoestotownoverhorrorfilms.Accordingtoherthesefilmshelpyougetridofhang-upsaswellasfrightenthepantsoffyou.Theauthorhasmadealifetimesstudyoffilmhistory,andtheknowledgeshehasaccumulatedistemperedbyafinesenseofjudgment.Shedevotesawholechaptertoananalysisofhorrorfilms.Thesefilms,accordingtoher,domuchmorethanjustfrightenus;theyenableustoforgetourworries.StyleandaudienceReadthetwoexcerptsonPage17anddiscuss.Excerpt1Thiswasgreat!
Thankyouverymuch!
IwantmyowncopyofthealbumnexttimewegotoBorders.P.S.IlookforwardtoSat.Seeyousoon.Excerpt2Thankyouverymuchforyourusefulinformation.Iwonderifitispossibleforustomeetsometimenextweektohaveadiscussionaboutit.Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou.Thankyouagain.1.Whomightbetheexpectedreaderofthenote?
TheexpectedreaderofExcerpt1isapalofthepersonwholeavesthenote,sothelanguageiscolloquial.ThereaderofExcerpt2doesnothaveanintimaterelationshipwiththewriterofthenote.Theymightbebusinessassociates,forexample.2.Whatisthelanguagefeatureofeachstyle?
Thelanguageinthe1ststandssomewherebetweenformalandinformalbutmoreontheformalside;thelanguageinthe2ndismoreformal.Conclusion:
Theappropriatestyleischosenaccordingtotheaudienceandtheoccasion.FeaturesofdifferentwritingstylesFormalstyleInformalstyleColloquialstyleTheformalstyleischaracterizedbyextensivevocabulary,frequentuseofformalandabstractwords,absenceofslangandalmostnocontractionsorclippedwords.Itisalsostricterinobservinggrammaticaldistinctionsthatareoftenignoredintheinformalstyle.Theinformalstyleischaracterizedbyvocabularyrangingfromformaltocolloquialbutmostlygeneral,andoccasionalcontractionsandclippedwords.Itmayalsocontainsomeinconspicuousslangexpressions.Thecolloquialstyleusesgeneralandcolloquialwords,frequentcontractionsandclippedwords,andtherearemoreslangwordsthanintheinformalstyle.ClassroomActivity11.Thisisaninsurancepolicywritteninanoldstyle.Workinpairsfirsttofindoutthemeaningandthenchangeitintoamorenaturalstyle.(P.18)Oldstyle:
UponthehappeningofanoccurrencereasonablylikelytoinvolvetheCompanyhereunder,writtennoticeshallbegivenassoonaspracticabletotheCompanyoranyofitsauthorizedagents.Naturalstyle:
Ifthereisanaccidentorincidentthatmaybecoveredbythispolicy,notifyusinwritingassoonaspossible.Youcangivethisnoticetoanyofourauthorizedagents.2.Thesentencesbelowareproblematicinstyle.Pointouttheproblemsandthenrevisethesentences.1)Thegeneralmanageraskedyoutohangonforasecond.Revisedsentence:
Thegeneralmanageraskedyoutowaitforasecond.2)WhenMacbethrecoiledatthethoughtofmurder,LadyMacbethurgedhimnottochickenout.Revisedsentence:
WhenMacbethrecoiledatthethoughtofmurder,LadyMacbethurgedhimnottowithdraw.3)Iaskedhimtocutouthismisconduct.Revisedsentence:
Iaskedhimtostophismisconduct.3.Thefollowingthreeexcerptsaretakenfromdifferenttypesofbusinesswriting.Pleaseanswerthequestionsafterreading.1)Whatisthestyleofeachexcerpt?
Isitformal,informal,orcolloquial?
Markthewordsthatgiveyoutheimpression.2)Whatisthepossiblerelationshipbetweenthewriterandtargetreaderofeachexcerpt?
Aretheycolleaguesorasuperiorandasubordinate?
Oraretheyfriends?
Excerpt1:
IthinkyourproposaltoSmithandSonsisgreat.Ifwegetthecontract,Ioweyoualunch!
Ivemarkedacoupleofplaceswherewecouldcoverourselvesontheschedule.Seewhatyouthink.Excerpt2:
IthinkyourproposaltoSmithandSonsisexcellent.Ihavemarkedacoupleofplacesforyourconsiderationwherewecouldensurethatwearenotcommittingourselvestoaschedulewemightnotbeabletokeep.IfIcanhelpinanyotherway,pleaseletmeknow.Excerpt3:
TheSmithandSonsproposalappearscompleteandthoroughbasedonourdepartmentsevaluation.Severalsmallrevisions,however,wouldensurethatAcmeisnotcommittingitselftoanunrealisticschedule.Thesearemarkedonthecopyofthereportbeingcirculated.Answer:
1)Excerpt1iscolloquial.Excerpt2isratherformal.Excerpt3isthemostformal.2)ThewriterandtargetreaderofExcerpt1maybefriendsorcolleagues.ThetwopersonsofExcerpt2maybecolleagues.Excerpt3isactuallytakenfromareportandthewritermaybetheheadofthedepartment.4.ComparethestyleofyourwritingintheWarm-upwithyourpartnersandseehowtheydiffer.Trytoimproveyourwritingbychangingthestyleofsomewords.AvoidingChinglishUnidiomaticuseofEnglishbyChinesestudentsWaystoavoidChinglishAvoidliteraltranslation(causedbytheinfluenceofChinesewayofthinking)1.Hisbodyisveryhealthy.2.Heonlysaidafewsentences.Hemadeusverydisappointed.3.Histwoeyesareblind.GraspthedenotativeandconnotativemeaningofEnglishwordsa.请帮我们宣传一下这个新产品。
Pleasehelpustopropagatethisnewproduct.Thewordpropagateistheliteralequivalentof宣传,butitsaffectivemeaningistotallydifferent.ItisderogatoryincontrasttotheneutralChineseword.Soabetterversionis:
Pleasehelpustoadvertisethisnewproduct.So,seeminglyequalexpressionsintwolanguagesmaycarrycompletelydifferentconnotations.b.他遇事总是先想着自己,真是太个人主义了。
Heisself-concernedandindividualistic.Theword个人主义hasanegativesenseinChinesewhileindividualisticisjusttheoppositeinEnglish.Itsignifiesindependence,individualfreedomandright,soitisnottheEnglishequivalentof个人主义;abetterwordwouldbeselfish,orself-centered.AvoidrepetitionofmeaningWhatdoyouthinkofthetranslationoftheChinesesentences?
a.大家一致感到那听起来不像是真的。
Everyonefeelsunanimouslythatdoesntseemtobetrue.b.那个主意听起来很有趣,而且两个主意恰巧合为一体。
Thatideasoundedveryinteresting,andthetwoideashappenedtomergetogether.c.这位跳高选手创造了新的世界纪录。
Thehigh-jumperhassetanewworldrecord.SoweshouldtrytofamiliarizeourselveswiththefeaturesofEnglishanddevelopthehabitofcomparingandcontrastingthetwolanguages.ClassroomActivities1.TranslatethefollowingChinesesentencesintoEnglishandcomparethetwoversions.1)你吃了吗?
(asagreeting)Howareyou?
2)请多提宝贵意见。
Youropinionswillbeappreciated.3)辛苦了!
(避免使用Youmustbetired.)(机器翻译:
Thanksforyourhardwork.)Thankyouforyoureffort/hardwork.Youmusthavehadatiringjourney/day.Well-done/Goodjob.Thatwasahardjob.2.CorrectanymistakeinthefollowingsentencesandtranslatethecorrectedsentencesintoChinese.ComparetheEnglishandChineseversions.1)Hewastorturedmercilesslybytheenemy.-Hewastorturedbytheenemy.他受到敌人残酷的迫害。
2)Thatsanimpracticalillusion.-Thatsanillusion.那是不切实际的幻想。
3)Wehaveeliminatedtheenemyforceentirely.-Wehaveeliminatedtheenemyforce.我们把敌人全部消灭了。
4)Howcanyoubelievethosegroundlesslies?
-Howcanyoubelievethoselies?
你怎么能相信这些毫无根据的谎言呢?
3.CheckyourpartnerswritingfortheWarm-upActivitiesandseeifthereisanyChinglishexpressioninit.Andthenmakeimprovements.PartIIIGrammar:
pronounsStudentsfirstdealwithexercisesineachpartandthensummarizethegrammarrulesinthefollowingaspects.Subjectivevs.objectiveSingularvs.pluralPointofviewSubjectivevs.objectiveFillintheblanksbelowwiththeproperformofthepronounsinbrackets.1)_(she/her)hastold_(I/me)aboutit.2)Whoisit?
Its_(I/me).3)Thats_(he/him),Imsure.4)Itwas_(she/her)whosolvedtheproblem.5)Jillisthegirl_(who/whom)Ithinkwentupthehill.6)TheRe
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